Labor and Social Protection in the National Budget

.title[
# Labor and Social Protection in the National Budget
]
.subtitle[
## A cluster briefing: ayuda, wages, welfare, farms, housing, and the workers who leave, 2020-2027
]
.date[
### September 2026
]

---

# Section 1 of 3: The Cluster at a Glance

### Ayuda, wages, welfare, and the workers who leave

---

## Executive summary

- **This cluster is where the state meets households directly**: the **DSWD family** (4Ps, ayuda, pensions, child care), the **farm agencies** (DA, BFAR, DAR), the **seniors and PWD commissions**, the **DOLE family**, **TESDA**, the **migrant machinery** (DMW), and **housing** (DHSUD). Together: **PHP 487.1B proposed for FY 2027**, against PHP 545.7B enacted in 2026.
- **No cluster is more shaped by Congress: +PHP 93.6B added in the 2026 GAA alone.** AICS has been raised in **every GAA since 2020** (+36.9B in 2026), **AKAP existed only in GAAs** (PHP 26.7B, 26.2B -- never proposed), TUPAD +10.8B, DA's farm items +32.6B. The **2027 proposal drops nearly all of it**: AICS -48%, TUPAD -34%, TESDA scholarships -41%, DA -7.8%.
- **The 4Ps is proposed at PHP 99.1B, its first sub-100B budget this decade** (-12.3%), two years after Congress cut it by PHP 50B -- while discretionary ayuda grows. **Seniors are the durable winners** (statutory pension PHP 51.6B, centenarian benefits 3.4B, both carried); the **disability council is halved**, with "PWD" in zero P/A/P names.
- **Farm support tripled** to PHP 185.8B around the PHP 66B rice complex, but **DA disburses only 59% of allotments**; and **housing barely exists on-budget** -- DHSUD's enacted budget is PHP 1.9B, 4PH's money sitting in government corporations outside these books.
- **Execution splits the cluster**: cash moves (DSWD 92%, NCSC 96%); delivery-mediated programs stall -- **TESDA collapsed to 48.5%** as Congress doubled its scholarships; DHSUD fell to 48%; the DMW machinery recovered (34% -> 83%).

---

## A few notes on the data (1 of 2)

.small[
- **Source and scope.** Appropriations come from a full P/A/P-level compilation of DBM budget documents (NEP and GAA), FY 2020-2027, nominal pesos (NGAs tab). **State universities and colleges are still being encoded** and are outside this deck.
- **Utilisation figures are agency-level, not P/A/P-level.** A separate compilation supplies allotments, obligations, and disbursements through FY 2025. These rates describe **how an institution moves money as a whole**, not how any single program performs -- but they still bound it: a department disbursing 48% of allotments cannot be executing its flagship scholarships well. Rates are computed **against allotments, which include continuing appropriations**. FY 2026 utilisation is not yet complete.
- **Blanks are never zeroes.** The 2027 GAA has not been enacted (every 2027 figure is the NEP).
- **The biggest social-protection flows are off-budget and outside this deck**: SSS, GSIS, Pag-IBIG, and the Employees' Compensation program run on contributions; PhilHealth's premium subsidy for indirect contributors sits in the health budget; military and uniformed personnel pensions run through a special-purpose fund, as do most veterans' pensions. What this cluster shows is the **tax-financed, GAA-voted** side of social protection.
]

---

## A few notes on the data (2 of 2)

.small[
- **Institutional changes over the period, as the budget documents record them:**
  - **RA 11641 created the Department of Migrant Workers** (first budget FY 2023): POEA dissolved into the DMW proper, OWWA transferred from DOLE, NMP absorbed, and the DOLE overseas-office network became the Migrant Workers Offices. The machinery is shown as **one continuous series** across the seam.
  - The **NCSC** (RA 11350) received its first budgets in 2021-2022 and then scaled 40-fold when the **expanded centenarian and octogenarian benefits (RA 11982)** moved to it in 2025.
  - The **NACC** (RA 11642) absorbed the Inter-Country Adoption Board; shown as one series.
  - **TESDA's mother department moved (DOLE to DTI)**; mapped by agency, so its series is continuous. It is kept in this cluster for its labor-market mandate; the trifocal convention would place it with education.
- **Boundary choices**: the children's, anti-poverty, urban-poor, IP and women's commissions (CWC, JJWC, NAPC, PCUP, NCIP, PCW) sit in the companion Accountability, Rights & Environment cluster; DepEd/CHED/DOH in Education & Health. **DA, DAR, and DHSUD appear in both cluster briefings** -- institutions may appear in more than one cluster; what matters is that each sector can see itself in the briefing it attends. On the housing side, **NHA, SHFC, and Pag-IBIG are government corporations outside these books**, which is why the 4PH flagship barely registers in DHSUD's own budget; NIA, NFA, and the coconut levy fund sit outside the farm books likewise.
- **Units and short forms:** large agencies in **PHP billions**, commissions in **PHP millions**; **LFP/FAP** = locally-/foreign-assisted project. Totals may not add due to rounding.
]

---

## The cluster in one table

<table class="table table-condensed table-striped" style="font-size: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Pillar </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Institutions </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> FY 2027 proposal </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Social protection (DSWD family) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> DSWD-OSEC (4Ps, AICS, social pension, feeding, disaster response); NACC (child care, incl. ex-ICAB) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> PHP 236.5B </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Farmers &amp; fisherfolk </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> DA (incl. BFAR and attached bodies), DAR </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> PHP 186.0B </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sector commissions </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> National Commission of Senior Citizens; National Council on Disability Affairs </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> PHP 3.9B </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Labor &amp; employment (DOLE family) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> DOLE-OSEC (TUPAD, labor standards); NLRC; NCMB; NWPC; ILS; PRC </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> PHP 26.2B </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Skills </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> TESDA (training operations and scholarships) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> PHP 20.9B </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Migrant workers </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> POEA, OWWA, NMP under DOLE (to 2022) -&gt; DMW and OWWA (from 2023) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> PHP 10.7B </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Housing </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> DHSUD (incl. the Human Settlements Adjudication Commission) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> PHP 2.9B </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cluster total </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;">  </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> PHP 487.1B </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

.small[
Within the DSWD family, three programs (4Ps, the social pension, and AICS) are **PHP 184B of the PHP 236B**; with DA's rice complex added, five programs carry over half the cluster. At the other end, the **housing pillar is PHP 2.9B** -- shelter, the largest household expense, has the smallest on-budget line.
]

---

## Big picture: Congress builds it up, the proposal walks it back

.small[
The persistent NEP-GAA gap is this cluster's signature: **assistance and farm programs are congressional favorites**, added to in the GAA and not carried into the next proposal -- a cycle re-litigated every year (+PHP 93.6B in 2026). The 2025 exception (GAA *below* NEP) is the year Congress cut the 4Ps by PHP 50B.
]

---

## Composition: four of five pesos are DSWD's

---

## How the money moves: obligation vs disbursement, FY 2025

.small[
Reading guide: a **wide grey gap** means money committed but not reaching payees within the year. These are whole-agency rates, not program rates -- they bound, rather than measure, any single line's performance.
]

---

# Section 2 of 3: The Pillars and the Sectors

### Due analysis: the DSWD family, seniors and PWDs, labor, skills, and migrants

---

## DSWD: the household-facing department

.small[
DSWD is also the cluster's best executor at scale: agency-level disbursement rose from **81.5% (2023) to 91.5% (2025)** -- when Congress adds ayuda here, it demonstrably reaches payees. That execution record is precisely what makes the department the favorite destination for congressional additions.
]

---

## What DSWD actually funds: the program map

.small[
Below the big three: **Supplementary Feeding** (day-care meals, -33% to PHP 6.4B), the **Sustainable Livelihood Program** (PHP 5.1B), **Walang Gutom food stamps** (PHP 1.9B), residential care, disaster response, and the new Tara, Basa! and Pag-Abot lines. **KALAHI hands over to the PHP 17.7B World Bank *Panahon ng Pagkilos* project** -- infrastructure chosen by barangay assemblies, the quiet counter-model to officeholder-mediated ayuda.
]

---

## The ayuda complex: AICS every year, AKAP for two

.small[
The pattern in one sentence: **discretionary assistance is legislated, not proposed.** The Executive asked for PHP 27.0B of AICS in 2026 and got PHP 63.9B enacted; AKAP (PHP 26.7B, then 26.2B) was written into the GAA both years it existed and disappeared as a named line in 2026 -- the same year the AICS addition jumped. The 2027 proposal returns AICS to PHP 33.3B (-48%), teeing up the same fight again.
]

---

## The 4Ps: the flagship drifts below PHP 100B

.small[
The contrast with AICS is the cluster's central tension: the **rules-based, targeted, conditional** program is flat-to-declining in nominal terms -- a real cut every year -- while the **discretionary, officeholder-mediated** assistance lines grow. For roughly 4.4 million beneficiary households, the 2027 proposal is the first sub-PHP 100B 4Ps budget of the decade.
]

---

## Seniors: a doubled pension, and a commission built around a benefit

.small[
Seniors are the cluster's most durable winners: both expansions were **statutory** (RA 11916 doubled the pension; RA 11982 expanded centenarian and octogenarian gifts), so neither depends on annual congressional generosity -- and both are carried in the 2027 proposal (PHP 51.6B and PHP 3.4B). The NCSC's execution scaled with the money: from 43% disbursement in its first big year to **96% by 2025**.
]

---

## Persons with disability: the halved council

.small[
A literal search finds **"PWD" in zero P/A/P names** and "Disability" in five -- the largest being DSWD's *Assistance to Persons with Disability* at **PHP 8.0B proposed** (up from PHP 7.8B), which dwarfs the council a hundredfold. The 2027 cut lands on the **policy body** (its main line falls PHP 167M -> 73M), not the assistance -- but a sector whose coordinating council is halved while its cash line grows is getting ayuda without voice.
]

---

## Children in care: the consolidated NACC

.small[
One of the few institutions here whose proposal *rises*. Alongside it, DSWD's own residential and center-based care line grows to PHP 3.3B -- together the state's budget for children outside parental care. NACC's disbursement rate (74-80%) trails the DSWD's, worth a question as its caseload transfers in.
]

---

## DOLE: a department Congress doubles

.small[
The labor-justice core is small and stable -- NLRC (arbitration), NCMB (conciliation), and NWPC (the wage boards) together run on about **PHP 2.5B**, and PRC licenses every professional for another 2.7B. The volatility is all in one OSEC line, next slide.
]

---

## TUPAD's home: the labor side of ayuda

.small[
TUPAD is AICS's twin: short-duration, individually listed, distributed through and credited to officeholders. The execution numbers travel with it -- **DOLE's agency-level disbursement slid from 82% (2023) to 73% (2025)** as the additions grew. Whether beneficiary lists and payout records should be published, as is now demanded of flood-control projects, is a fair question for both twins.
]

---

## What DOLE actually funds: enforcement is 5% of ayuda

.small[
The proportions are the finding: **Labor Laws Compliance -- the inspectorate behind minimum wages, OSH, and regularization -- runs on PHP 877M, about 5% of the TUPAD line**; union development gets PHP 61M, rights-at-work PHP 53M. For labor groups, the sharpest ask may not be more TUPAD but an inspectorate scaled to enforce the labor code wages depend on.
]

---

## Farm incomes: DA tripled -- and disburses 59%

.small[
For this cluster the farm budget is a **worker-income and food-price budget**: the PHP 66B rice complex (RCEF PHP 30B, Rice for All 10B, the rice program's production support 26.4B) shapes both palay prices for 2 million rice farmers and rice prices for every poor household. **BFAR doubled** (PHP 6.1B -> 11.8B; 12.2B proposed) for fisherfolk, the poorest basic sector. The catch: **DA disburses only 59% of allotments** -- farm support arrives late or not at all -- and the 2027 proposal drops the congressional items (farm-to-market repair halved, the PHP 10B presidential assistance gone), the same restore-or-not fight as the ayuda lines.
]

---

## Land as social protection: DAR

.small[
An individual land title is the most durable social protection a farming household can hold -- collateral, tenure, inheritance. Four decades after CARP, **Land Acquisition and Distribution still needs PHP 3.1B a year**, agrarian legal assistance PHP 0.7B, and the World Bank SPLIT project (collective titles into individual ones) winds down from PHP 5.1B to 0.7B as it completes. DAR disburses 68% -- the titling pipeline, like the farm-support pipeline, moves slower than its money.
]

---

## What DAR actually funds: titling, support, and a compensation cut

.small[
The beneficiary-facing core rises: **LAD PHP 3.1B (+6%)** and **agrarian legal assistance PHP 742M (+21%)** -- the lawyers defending farmer-beneficiaries in ejectment and conversion cases -- plus the ARBDSP support lines. **SPLIT (PHP 5.1B -> 0.7B) hands over to the VISTA and PBBM Bridges projects.** One line to question: **Landowners' Compensation drops PHP 500M -> 100M** -- unpaid landowners are a standing legal risk to the very titles LAD distributes.
]

---

## Housing: the social-protection gap the budget cannot see

.small[
Shelter is the largest expense of poor urban households and the first thing lost to disaster or demolition -- yet the housing department's budget is **smaller than the NCSC's centenarian line**. The 4PH flagship appears here only as PHP 1.1B in the 2027 proposal; its subsidies flow through **NHA, SHFC, and Pag-IBIG, outside these books**, beyond the reach of this kind of line-item scrutiny. DHSUD's disbursement rate collapsed alongside (**84% -> 56% -> 48%**). A social-protection agenda that includes ayuda but not shelter is incomplete -- and an on-budget, auditable 4PH appropriation is the ask that fixes both problems at once.
]

---

## TESDA: doubled scholarships, halved disbursement

.small[
The scholarship line is the congressional magnet (+PHP 6.6B in the 2024 GAA alone; the 2027 proposal cuts it -41% to PHP 5.4B) -- and it is exactly where execution broke: **TESDA's agency-level disbursement collapsed from 79% (2023) to 48.5% (2025)**, the worst in the cluster. Scholarship money that cannot reach trainees is the clearest case in this deck for pairing any restoration with an absorption plan.
]

---

## The migrant-workers machinery: consolidated, cut, recovering

.small[
The new department's growing pains show in execution and are ending: the **DMW disbursed 34% of allotments in 2023, 43% in 2024, then 83% in 2025**; OWWA traced the same arc (23% -> 78%). The machinery now runs about **PHP 5,000 per deployed OFW per year**, with the flagship AKSYON welfare fund inside the DMW proper -- a line Congress has topped up in every GAA since the department existed.
]

---

## Can the anchors execute? Four trajectories, FY 2020-2025

.small[
The divergence maps onto program type: **cash transfers move** (DSWD, and NCSC at 96%); **works- and training-mediated programs stall** when scaled faster than delivery capacity (TUPAD's home department, TESDA's scholarships). That distinction should discipline what the sectors ask Congress to restore.
]

---

# Section 3 of 3: The FY 2027 Proposal and Engaging the Process

### The annual ayuda fight, with the numbers attached

---

## Inside the DSWD proposal: what moves in 2027

---

## The FY 2027 proposal, institution by institution

.pull-left[
**Departments and large agencies (PHP B)**
<table class="table table-condensed table-striped" style="font-size: 13px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Institution </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> 26 GAA </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> 27 NEP </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> vs GAA </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> DSWD-OSEC </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 264.4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 235.7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -10.9% </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> DA (incl. BFAR) </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 185.8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 171.3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -7.8% </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> DOLE-OSEC </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 30.0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.0 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -30.1% </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> TESDA </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 26.1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 20.9 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -19.8% </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> DAR </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 14.7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -12.8% </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> DMW-OSEC </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6.8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6.4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -6.0% </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> OWWA </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> +1.5% </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> NCSC </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> +5.9% </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> DHSUD </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.9 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.9 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> +54.3% </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> PRC </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> +6.8% </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]

.pull-right[
**Smaller institutions (PHP M)**
<table class="table table-condensed table-striped" style="font-size: 13px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Institution </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> 26 GAA </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> 27 NEP </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> vs GAA </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> NLRC </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1,803 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1,733 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -3.9% </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> NACC (incl. ex-ICAB) </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 747 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 812 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> +8.6% </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> NWPC </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 357 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 369 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> +3.4% </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> NCMB </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 371 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 332 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -10.4% </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> NCDA </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 187 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 92 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -51.1% </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> ILS </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 78 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 79 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> +1.1% </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]

.small[
"vs GAA" compares the FY 2027 proposal with the FY 2026 enacted budget. The migrant machinery is split across DMW-OSEC and OWWA; POEA and NMP ended in 2022 and do not appear.
]

---

## Reading the FY 2027 proposal

- **The proposal restarts the ayuda cycle.** AICS at PHP 33.3B (-48%), TUPAD's line at 16.7B (-34%), TESDA's scholarships at 5.4B (-41%), no AKAP: some PHP 50B of assistance that Congress enacted in 2026 is not in the 2027 NEP. History says Congress will put much of it back -- the real question is on what terms.
- **Apply the execution test to the restorations.** DSWD and the NCSC demonstrably pay out (92% and 96%); restorations to AICS at least reach people, whatever their targeting politics. **TESDA at 48.5% and DOLE at 73% have no absorption case for their 2026 levels** -- a restoration there should carry delivery reforms, not just pesos.
- **Defend the statutory gains, scrutinize the discretionary ones.** The doubled social pension and the centenarian benefits are law and are carried; the 4Ps is law too, yet drifts -- **PHP 99.1B is a real-terms cut to the one rules-based transfer**, and the strongest single restoration case in the cluster.
- **Farm and land restorations need the same discipline.** DA's dropped items (-PHP 14.5B) will be re-litigated like the ayuda lines; at 59% disbursement, restorations should be tied to delivery (and to the farm-insertion transparency the flood scandal normalized). DAR's LAD and legal-assistance lines are small, statutory, and worth holding. **Housing needs the opposite move: money brought on-budget** -- a real 4PH appropriation in DHSUD, where COA and this kind of analysis can see it.
- **Demand the twins be treated like flood control.** AICS and TUPAD are individually-listed, officeholder-mediated programs at PHP 40-90B a year combined. Published beneficiary counts, payout records, and distribution protocols are the same transparency asks now standard for infrastructure -- and harder to argue against for cash.

---

## For discussion

- **1. Rules or discretion?** The 2027 proposal cuts the rules-based 4Ps (-12%) *and* the discretionary AICS (-48%). If the sectors could restore only one, which -- and can a restoration of AICS be conditioned on migrating beneficiaries into 4Ps, the social pension, or Walang Gutom's food stamps?

- **2. What is TUPAD for?** Emergency employment as social insurance, or year-round ayuda by another name? A defensible steady state (with published lists) beats the annual +PHP 10-15B surprise -- what number would the labor groups themselves defend?

- **3. Can skills money move?** TESDA's scholarship insertions collapsed its disbursement to 48.5%. Should the sectors back the *proposal's* lower figure paired with delivery reform, rather than fight for a 2026-sized allocation that demonstrably cannot be spent?

- **4. Voice for the sectors without machinery.** Seniors got a statutory pension and a working commission; PWDs got a growing cash line and a **halved council with zero named "PWD" P/A/Ps**. Is a statutory PWD benefit -- taking the disability allowance out of annual discretion, as RA 11916 did for seniors -- the sector's next legislative ask?

- **5. The machinery after the surge.** The DMW settled at PHP 10-11B and finally executes (83%). What of the pandemic-era welfare state -- repatriation capacity, the AKSYON fund's scale -- should be institutionalized by statute before the next crisis, rather than re-fought in each GAA?

---

# Thank you

### Labor and Social Protection in the National Budget
#### A cluster briefing, 2020-2027

.footnote[Underlying data: DBM NEP & GAA documents (current-year new appropriations, P/A/P level), FY 2020-2027, full-compilation NGAs tab, and an agency-level budget-utilisation compilation (allotments, obligations, disbursements through FY 2025; agency-level rates, not P/A/P rates). FY 2027 figures are the proposal (NEP); the 2027 GAA has not been enacted. SSS, GSIS, Pag-IBIG, PhilHealth subsidies, and military/veterans' pensions sit outside these agency books. Cluster boundaries as documented in the data notes.]